OVERVIEW OF STUDIES

The most important literature:

  1. Richter J, Svozil V, Král V, Rajnohová Dobiášová L, Stiborová I, Vetvicka V. Clinical trials of yeast-derived β-(1,3) glucan in children: effects on innate immunity. Ann Transl Med 2014;2(2):15. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.02.01
  2. Vetvicka V, Vasicek R. Comparison of immunological effects of commercially important beta-glucans. Poster, Vitafoods 2018, Geneve
  3. Vetvicka V. Prevention of UTI (urinary tract infections) using yeast betaglucan and various natural substances (mannose, cranberry extract).
  4. Adachi, Y., Ohno, N., Ohsawa, M., Sato, K., Oikawa, S., and Yadomae, T. 1989. Physiochemical properties and antitumor activities of chemically modified derivatives of antitumor glucan "grifolan LE" from Grifola frondosa. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 37:1837-1843.
  5. Al Tuwaiji, A.S., Mahmoud, A.A., Al Mofleh, I.A., and Al Khuwaitir, S.A. 1987. Effect of glucan on Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice. J. Med. Microbiol. 23:363-365.
  6. Alwis, K.U., Mandryk, J., and Hocking, A.D. 1999. Exposure to biohazards in wood dust: bacteria, fungi, endotoxins, and (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans. Appl. Occupat. Environment. Hyg. 14:598-608.
  7. Aoyagi, K., Itoh, N., Abe, F., Uchida, K., Ishizuka, M., Takeuchi, T., and Yamaguchi, H. 1992. Enhancement by ubenimex (Betastatin) of host resistance to Candida albicans infections. J. Antibiot. 45:1778-1784.
  8. Bacon, J.S.D., and Farmer, V.S. 1968. The presence of predominantly β-(1-6)-component in preparations of yeast glucan. Biochem. J. 110:34-35P.
  9. Battilana, P., Ornstein, K., Minehira, K., Schwarz, J.M., Acheson, K., Schneiter, P., Burri, J., Jequier, E., and Tappy, L. 2001. Mechanisms of action of Beta-Glucan in postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy men. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 55:327-333.
  10. Bell, D.J., and Northcote, D.H. 1950. The structure of a cell-wall polysaccharide of baker’s yeast. Part II. J. Chem. Soc. 47:1944-1947.
  11. Black, W.A.P., Cornhill, W.J., Dewar, E.T., and Woodward, F.N. 1951. Manufacture of algal chemicals. III. Laboratory scale isolation of laminarin from brown marine algae. J. Appl. Chem. 1:505-507.
  12. Bobek, P., Ozdin, L., and Kuniak, L. 1996. Effect of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) and its ethanolic extract in diet on absorption and turnover of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rat. Nahrung 40:222-224.
  13. Borchers, A.T., Stern, J.S., Hackman, R.M., Keen, C.L., and Gershwin, M.E. 1999. Mushrooms, tumors, and immunity. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 221:281-293.
  14. Bousquet, M., Escoula, L., Pipy, B., Bessieres, M.H., Chavant, L., and Seguela, J.P. 1988. Two β1-3, β-1-6 polysaccharides (PSAT and Scleroglucan) enhance the resistance of mice to Toxoplasma gondii. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 63:398-409.
  15. Brown, J.L., Kossaczka, Z., Jiang, B., and Bussey, H. 1993. A mutational analysis of killer toxin resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies new genes involved in cell wall (1-->6)-Beta-Glucan synthesis. Genetics 133:837-849.
  16. Brown, G.D., and Gordon, S. 2003. Fungal β-glucans and mammalian immunity. Immunity 19:311-315.
  17. Brown, G.D. 2006. Dectin-1: a signalling non-TLR pattern-recognition receptor. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6:33-44.
  18. Chihara, G., Maeda, Y.Y., Hamuro, J., Sasaki, T., and Fukuoka, F. 1969. Inhibition of mouse sarcoma 180 by polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) sing. Nature 222:687-688.
  19. Chihara, G., Maeda, Y.Y., and Hamuro, J. 1982. Current status and perspectives of immunomodulators of microbial origin. Int. J. Tis. React. IV:207-225.
  20. Coley, W.B. 1894. Treatment of inoperable malignant tumors with the toxines of erysipelas and the Bacillus prodigiosus. Am. J. Med. Sci. 108:50-66.
  21. Cook, J.A., and Holbrook, T.W. 1984. Immunogenicity of soluble and particulate antigens from Leishmania donovani: effect of glucan as an adjuvant. Infect. Immun. 40:1038-1043.
  22. Chuah, C.T., Sarko, Y., Deslandes, Y., and Marchessault, R.H. 1983. Triple helical crystalline structure of curdlan and paramylon hydrates. Macromolecules 16:1375-1382.
  23. Descroix, K., Ferrieres, V., Jamois, F., Yvin, J.C., and Plusquellec, D. 2006. Recent progress in the field of β-(1,3)-glucans and new applications. Mini-Reviews in Med. Chem. 6:1341-1349.
  24. DiLuzio, N.R., and Riggi, S.J. 1970. The effects of laminarin, sulfated glucan and oligosaccharides of glucan on reticuloendothelial activity. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 8:465-473.
  25. Dongowski, G., Huth, M., Gebhardt, E., and Flamme, W. 2002. Dietary fiber-rich barley products beneficially affect the intestinal tract of rats. J. Nutr. 132:3704-3714.
  26. Dritz, S.S., Shi, J., Klelian, T.L., Goodband, R.D., Nelssen, J.L., Tokach, M.D., Chengappa, M.M., Smith, J.E., and Blecha, F. 1995. Influence of dietary β-glucan on growth performance, non-specific immunity, and resistance to Streptococcus suis infection in weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73:3341-3350.
  27. Ebina, T., and Fujimiya, Y. 1998. Antitumor effect of a peptide-glucan preparation extracted from Agaricus blazei in a double-grafted tumor system in mice. Biotherapy 11:259-265.
  28. Fukushima, M., Ohashi, T., Fujiwara, Y., Sonoyama, K., and Nakano, M. 2001. Cholesterol-lowering effects of maitake (Grifola frondosa) fiber, shiitake (Lentinus edodes) fiber, and enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) fiber in rats. Exp. Biol. Med. 226:758-765.
  29. Fukushima, M., Nakano, M., Morii, Y.T., Ohashi, T., Fujiwara, Y., and Sonoyama, K. 2000. Cholesterol-lowering effects of maitake (Grifola frondosa) fiber, shiitake (Lentinus edodes) fiber, and enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) fiber in rats. J. Nutr. 130:2151-2156.
  30. Granger, D.l., Hibbs, J.B., and Perfect, J.A. 1988. Specific amino acid (L-arginine) requirement for the microbiostatic activity of murine macrophages. J. Clin. Invest. 81:1096-1102.
  31. Grün, Ch.H. 2001. Structure and biosynthesis of fungal a-glucans. Proefschrift Universiteit Utrecht.
  32. Haga, S., Akai, K., and Ishii, T. 1989. Demonstration of microglial cells in and around senile (neuritic) plaques in the Alzheimer brain. An immunohistochemical study using a novel monoclonal antibody. Acta Neuropathol. 77:569-575.
  33. Harada, T., Misaki, A., and Saitô, H. 1968. Curdlan: a bacterial gel-forming beta-1,3-glucan. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 124:292-298.
  34. Hibbs, J.B., Taintor, R.R., and Vavrin, Z. 1984. Iron depletion: possible cause of tumor cell cytotoxicity induced by activated macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 123:716-723.
  35. Hong, F., Yan, J., Baran, J.T., Allendorf, D.J., Hansen, R.D., Ostroff, G.R., Xing, P.X., Cheung, N.K., and Ross, G.D. 2004. Mechanism by which orally administered beta-1,3-glucans enhance the tumoricidal activity of antitumor monoclonal antibodies in murine tumor models. J. Immunol. 173:797-806.
  36. Hotta, H., Hagiwara, K., Tabata, K., Ito, W., and Homma, M. 1993. Augmentation of protective immune responses against Sendai virus infection by fungal polysaccharide schizophyllan. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 5:55-60.
  37. Jamas, S., Easson, D.D., Ostroff, G.R., and Onderdonk, A.B. 1991. A novel class of macrophage activity immunomofulators. ACS Symp. Ser. 1469:44-51.
  38. James, S., and Claven, J. 1989. Macrophage cytotoxicity against schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni involves arginine-dependent production of reactive nitrogen intermediates. J. Immunol. 143:4208-4212.
  39. Jamois, F., Ferriéres, V., Guégan, J.P., Yvin, J.C., Plusquellec, D., and Větvička, V. 2005. Glucan-like synthetic oligosaccharides - Iterative synthesis of linear oligo-{β}-(1,3)-glucans and immunostimulatory effects. Glycobiology 15:393-407.
  40. Kaibara, N., Soejima, K., Nakamura, T., and Inokuchi, K. 1976. Postoperative long-term chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Jpn. J. Surg. 6:54-59.
  41. Kimura, Y., Tojima, H., Fukase, S., and Takeda, K. 1994. Clinical evaluation of sizofilan as assistant immunotherapy in treatment of head and neck cancer. Acta Otolaryngol. (Stockh.) Suppl. 511:192-195.
  42. Kojima, T., Tabata, K., Itoh, W., and Yanaki, T. 1986. Molecular weight dependence of the antitumor activity of Schizophyllan. Agr. Biol. Chem. 50:231-232.
  43. Kraus, J., and Franz, G. 1992. Immunomodulating effects of polysaccharides from medicinal plants. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 319:299-308.
  44. Kubo, K., and Nanba, H. 1996. The effect of maitake mushrooms on liver and serum lipids. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 2:62-66.
  45. Kumar, P., and Ahmad, S. 1985. Glucan-induced immunity in mice against Plasmodium bergei. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 79:211-213.
  46. Kurashige, S., Akuawa, Y., and Endo, F. Effects of Lentinus edodes, Grifola frondosa and Pleurotus ostreatus administration on cancer outbreak, and activities of macrophages and lymphocytes in mice treated with a carcinogen, N-butyl-N-butanolnitrosoamine. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 19:175-183.
  47. Lemaitre, B., Nicolas, E., Michaut, L., Reichhart, J.M., and Hoffmann, J.A. 1996. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 86:973-983.
  48. Liang, J., Melican, D., Cafro, L., Palace, G., Fisette, L., Armstrong, R., and Patchen, M.L. 1998. Enhanced clearance of a multiple antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in rats treated with PGG-glucan is associated with increased leukocyte counts and increased neutrophils oxidative burst activity. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 20:595-614.
  49. Manners, D.J., Masson, A.J., Patterson, J.C., Bjorndal, H., and Lindberg, B. 1973. The structure of a beta-(1-6)-D-glucan from yeast cell walls. Biochem. J. 135:19-36.
  50. Manners, D.J., and Patterson, J.C. 1966. A re-examination of the molecular structure of yeast glucan. Biochem. J. 105:19C-20C.
  51. Matsuoka, H., Seo, Y., Wakasugi, H., Saito, T., and Tomoda, H. 1997. Lentinan potentiates immunity and prolongs survival time of some patients. Anticancer Res. 17:2751-2755.
  52. Miura, T., Miura, N.N., Ohno, N., Adachi, Y., Shimada, S., and Yadomae, T. 2000. Failure in antitumor activity by overdose of an immunomodulating Beta-Glucan preparation, sonifilan. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 23:249-253.
  53. Miura, N.N., Ohno, N., Adachi, Y., Aketagawa, J., Tamura, H., Tanaka, S., and Yadomae, T. 1995. Comparison of the blood clearance of triple- and single-helical schizophyllan in mice. Biol. Pharmacol. Bull. 18:185-189.
  54. Muller, C.D., Bocchini, V., Giaimis, J., Guerrieri, P., Lombard, Y., and Poindron, P. 1994. Functional Beta-Glucan receptor expression by a microglial cell line. Res. Immunol. 145:267-275.
  55. Nanba, H. 1995. Results of non-controlled clinical study for various cancer patients using maitake D-fraction. Explore 6:19-21.
  56. Nio, Y., Tshuchitani, T., Imai, S., Shiraishi, T., Kan, N., Ohgaki, K., and Tobe, T. 1988. Immunomodulating effects of oral administration of PSK. II. Its effects on mice with cecal tumors. Nippon Gan. Chiryo Gakkai Shi. 23:1068-1076.
  57. Nono, I., Ohno, N., Masuda, A., Oikawa, S., and Yadomae, T. 1991. Oxidative degradation of an antitumor (1-3)-beta-D-glucan, grifolan. J. Pharmacobiol. Dyn. 14:9-19.
  58. Nowotny, A. 1969. Molecular aspects of endotoxic reactions. Bact. Rev. 33:72-98.
  59. Ohno, N., Kurachi, Y., and Yadomae, T. 1988. Physicochemical properties and antitumor activities of carboxymethylated derivatives of glucan from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Chem. Pharmacol. Bull. 36:1198-1125.
  60. Ohno, N., Miura, N.N., Nakajima, M., and Yadomae, T. 2000. Antitumor 1,3-Beta-Glucan from cultured fruit body of Sparassis crisp., Biol. Pharm. Bull. 23:866-872.
  61. Patchen, M.L., and MacVitti, T.J. 1983. Dose-dependent responses of murine pluripotent stem cells and myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells following administration of the immunomodulating agent glucan. Immunopharmacology 5:303-313.
  62. Patchen, M.L., and MacVittie, T.J. 1985. Stimulated hemopoiesis and enhanced survival following glucan treatment insublethally and lethally irradiated mice. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 7:923-932.
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  64. Quinn, P.J. 1990. Mechanisms of action of some immunomodulators used in veterinary medicine. Adv. Veter. Sci. Comp. Med. 35:43-99.
  65. Rasmussen, T.L., and Seljelid, R. 1990. Dynamics of blood compontents and peritoneal fluid during treatment of murine E. coli sepsis with β-1,3-D-polyglucose derivates. I. Cells. Scand. J. Immunol. 31:321-331.
  66. Rees, D.A., and Scott, W.E.J. 1971. Polysaccharide conformation. Part VI Chem. Soc. (B) 6:469-479.
  67. Ross, G.D., Vetvicka, V., Yan, J., Xia, Y., and Vetvickova, J. 1999. Therapeutic intervention with complement and b-glucan in cancer. J. Immunopharmacol. 42:61-74.
  68. Rylander, R., Thorn, J., and Attefors, R. 1999. Airways inflammation among workers in a paper industry. Eur. Respir. J. 13:1151-1158.
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  70. Saitô, H., Ohki, T., Takasuka, N., and Sasaki, T. 1977. A 13C-N.M.R.-Spectral study of a gel-forming, branched (1→3)-β--glucan, (lentinan) from Lentinus edodes, and its acid-degraded fractions. Structure, and dependence of conformation on the molecular weight. Carbohydr. Res. 58:293-305.
  71. Saitô, H., Tabeta, R., Yoshioka, Y., Hara, Ch., Kiho, T., and Ukai, S. 1987. A high-resolution solid-state 13C NMR study of the secondary structure of branched (1®3)-b-d-glucans from fungi: Evidence of two kinds of conformers, curdlan-type single-helix and laminaran-type triple helix forms, as manifested from the conformation-dependent 13C chemical shifts. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 60:4267-4272.
  72. Saitô, H., Yoshioka, Y., Uehara, N., Aketagawa, J., Tanaka, S., and Shibata, Y. 1991. Relationship between conformation and biological response for (1-3)-beta-D-glucans in the activation of coagulation factor G from limulus amebocyte lysate and host-mediated antitumor. Carbohydr. Res. 217: 181-190.
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